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Abbreviations 8-OHdG: 8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine A peptide: Amyloid-beta peptide ACC: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase ACE: Angiotensin-converting enzyme AGEs: Advanced glycation end-products APC7: Anaphase-promoting complex subunit 7 ApoB100: Apolipoprotein B100 ATP: Adenosine triphosphate Bax: Bcl-2-associated X protein Bcl-xL: Anti-apoptotic protein BMI: Body mass index BP: Blood pressure BUN: Blood urea nitrogen CAT: Catalase Cas-3: Caspase-3 Cas-7: Caspase-7 Cas-9: Caspase-9 CD11b: Integrin alpha M, a leukocyte marker CD28 + CD95 + : Markers of activated memory T cells CD36: Cluster of differentiation 36 CD4 + , CD8 + : Types of T cells ChAT: Choline acetyltransferase COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2 CPT-1: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 CRC: Colorectal Cancer CS + odor: Conditioned stimulus odor Cx37, Cx40, Cx43: Connexins, types of gap junction proteins CXCL1: Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 CYP7A1: Cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1 DHE: Dihydroethidium ilp: Insulin-like peptides DPPH: 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl Duox: Dual oxidase Akt: Protein kinase B FOXO: Forkhead box O EDH: Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor ETC: Electron transport chain FAS: Fatty acid synthase FBG: Fasting blood glucose FGF15: Fibroblast growth factor 15 FGFR4: Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 FXR: Farnesoid X receptor GABA: Gamma-aminobutyric acid Gcs-1: Glutamate-cysteine ligase GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1 GLU: Glucose GLUT4: Glucose transporter type 4 GPAT: Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase GPx: Glutathione peroxidase GSH: Glutathione GSH/GSSG ratio: Reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio GST: Glutathione S-transferase GstD2: Glutathione S-transferase D2 HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c hc-CRP: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol HMGCR: 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase HMGCS: 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase HOMA-: Homeostatic model assessment of beta cell function HOMA-IR: Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1 hs-CRP: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein IFN-: Interferon gamma IIS/DAF-2: Insulin/IGF-1 signaling IL-1: Interleukin 1 IL-1: Interleukin 1 alpha IL-1: Interleukin 1 beta IL-2: Interleukin 2 IL-4: Interleukin 4 IL-6: Interleukin 6 IL-8: Interleukin 8 IL-10: Interleukin 10 IL-22: Interleukin 22 Imp-L2: Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein IMD: Immune deficiency JC-1: Dye for mitochondrial membrane potential JNK1: C-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 JNK/MAPK: C-Jun N-terminal kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol LDLR: Low-density lipoprotein receptor LPS: Lipopolysaccharide LPO: Lipid peroxidation mAlb/Cr: Microalbumin-to-creatinine ratio MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase MBP: Mean blood pressure MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 MDA: Malondialdehyde MitoSOX: Mitochondrial superoxide indicator miR-34: MicroRNA MyD88: Myeloid differentiation primary response 88 NADPH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NF-B: Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells NK cells: Natural killer cells NOX-1: NADPH oxidase 1 Occludin: A tight junction protein p-PI3K: Phosphorylated phosphoinositide 3-kinase p16: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A p38 MAPK pathway: Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway p-AKT: Phosphorylated protein kinase B PAS: Plasma amino acids PDH: Pyruvate dehydrogenase PEPCK: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase PLB: Phospholamban PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma PVN: Paraventricular nucleus RIG-I: Retinoic acid-inducible gene I SBP: Systolic blood pressure SCFA: Short-chain fatty acids Sirt1: Sirtuin 1 SOD: Superoxide dismutase SREBP1c: Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c SREBP2: Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 SR-BI: Scavenger receptor class B type I sCD14: Soluble cluster of differentiation 14 sIgA: Secretory immunoglobulin A SKCa: Small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels TAC: Total antioxidant capacity TAS: Total antioxidant status TBARS: Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances TC: Total cholesterol TGF-: Transforming growth factor beta TH: Tyrosine hydroxylase TMAO: Trimethylamine N-oxide TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor alpha TOR: Target of rapamycin Trx-1: Thioredoxin-1 UPRmt: Mitochondrial unfolded protein response VLDL: Very low-density lipoprotein ZO-1: Zonula occludens-1 References Figuer A, Bodega G, Tato P, Valera G, Serroukh N, Ceprian N, de Sequera P, Morales E, Carracedo J, Ramrez R, Alique M (2021) Premature aging in chronic kidney disease: the outcome of persistent inflammation beyond the bounds
