For systemic research, it must be administered via subcutaneous or intramuscular injection to bypass the digestive tract and ensure bioavailability
Moreover, PIP2 is a substrate for phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), forming phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3), a critical docking site for proteins in the insulin signaling pathway, including Akt (Protein Kinase B)
London: 839861
Mimicking the Effects of Exercise Since MOTS-c activates many of the same downstream pathways triggered by physical activity, including AMPK signaling, increasing mitochondrial efficiency, and improving fatty acid oxidation, MOTS-c has also been called an exercise mimetic in scientific literature
[DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 34.Shao R, Guo X