Pharmacokinetics: the dynamics of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination
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Oral administration of high-dose vitamin B 12 (1 to 2 mg daily) is considered as effective as intramuscular administration for correcting anemia and neurologic symptoms Despite many studies suggesting oral administration of vitamin B 12 to be easy, effective and less costly than intramuscular administration, debate surrounds the effectiveness of the oral route
Serotonin, an enteric neurotransmitter, is localized in the GI tract and GI mucosa
Second, many available studies are characterized by small sample sizes or lack appropriate control groups, making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions about therapeutic efficacy and optimal treatment protocols