superoxide dismutase catalase glutathione peroxidase Antioxidant system: (SOD), (CAT), and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalase (CAT)

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It modulates TGF- signaling, a key pro-fibrotic pathway [50], and regulates the functional capacity of T cells by maintaining TCR CD3- chain expression and cyclin D3/cdk4-mediated proliferation [51, 52]

J Exp Bot 69(14):34253438 Bogdan C (2015) Nitric oxide synthase in innate and adaptive immunity: an update

(2) ROS also promote the conversion of copper ions into reactive intermediates such as copper peroxyl, hydroperoxyl, and superoxyl radicals [93-95] , which further attack mitochondrial membranes, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction - considered a second hit

Emerging research suggests GLP-1 may also affect reward pathways, potentially influencing taste perception