359,360 In the diabetic state, abnormalities in cellular energy metabolism affect macrovascular and microvascular lesions, 361,362,363 including abnormalities in substrate delivery to vascular EC or target organ cells (e.g., cardiac myocytes, thylakoid cells in glomeruli, and neurons and Schwann cells in peripheral nerves), conversion of the ratio of cell-specific fuel sources between glucose intermediates, fatty acids, and amino acids, changes in respiratory chain protein function, and uncoupling of respiratory chains
A comparative evaluation of the available intervention strategies is summarized in Table 3, highlighting study design, target population, clinical outcomes, reported side effects, and evidence strength
Sloppy water measurement means every injection for the next month is wrong
And there are meaningful, evidence-informed approaches to addressing them
Cell 187 , 60886103.e6018 (2024)